tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-69804366585318740972023-11-16T02:55:04.542-08:00McKillop Poultry MedicineAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6980436658531874097.post-83726928313858818582015-03-16T13:28:00.000-07:002015-03-16T13:41:39.319-07:00<h2>
More than you wanted to know about the cause of “Lash Eggs”
and Salpingitis</h2>
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<b>Written by Annika McKillop DVM, MSpVM, DACPV</b></div>
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Instead of getting your expected egg in the nesting box, one
day you may come into the surprise of finding and egg-shaped ball of caseous
exudate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caseous means “resembling
cheese or curd” and an exudate is “a fluid with a high content of protein and
cellular debris which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited
into tissues or on tissue surfaces as a result of inflammation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salpingitis, which means inflammation
of the uterine tube, is the underlying condition producing this exudate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This caseous exudate is essentially pus
coming from the oviduct of a bird.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu4UnPvleausTLed36pEh83rGwK1uiaIIJJcG8kxQ__m5N6Sd8eBSqSEoR_sVkcnZE4oGxtyb-TUYilzzuGHeBIhzrHHqTxNGIJ1hCEjLkn0sQErT6ShYPKaV1bHmWUcVelixotcHg3rU/s1600/Lash+egg+The+Chicken+Chick.jpg" height="301" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank">Left: Normal egg laid by a hen. Right: Caseous Exudate or "Lash Egg" laid by a hen</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-size: small;">Causes</span></span></h3>
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There are many causes of salpingitis in Galliformes, and
salpingitis can be found in other female species such as ducks and geese.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salpingitis can be bacterial or viral
in origin, and coinfection of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Escheria
coli </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tetratrichomoanas</i> (a
protozoa) can happen in ducks. Salpingitis results following the entry of an
organism from the vagina and ascending the reproductive tract through reverse peristalsis,
infections can descend from the greater abdominal airsac to the oviduct, by the
blood in systemic disease, and spread from other adjacent tissues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Masses in the oviduct can vary in size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smaller masses within the oviduct up to
the size of an egg can be passed by birds or can be regurgitated into the
abdominal cavity by reverse paristalsis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Masses can be so large that they can rarely cause rupture of the oviduct,
but mainly are just so large that they persist in the oviduct until ovulation
ceases, slowing the enlargement of the mass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These enlarged masses cannot be expelled by the birds, and
often press on internal organs and make it difficult for birds to breath as
they cannot get adequate air intake into their airsacs as the mass displaces
them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In younger birds,
salpingitis extends from yolk or air sac infections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The oviduct becomes filled up with the caseous exudate which
persists until maturity, and will be passed just before egg production.</div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bacterial Salpingitis</span></h3>
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Salpingitis caused by bacteria tends to be more exudative,
causing “lash eggs” that are large and firm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contents of the masses include exudate, yolk, egg shells,
membranes, oviduct tissue, and oviduct secretions that are malodorous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When caseous masses are cut into, they
can be described as having an onion-layered texture, or a progressive
accumulation of concentric layers of material.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sometimes fully formed eggs can be found in the caseous mass
as a result of egg binding or because the egg became lodged in the oviduct in
an area of localized inflammation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The main bacteria and most prevalent cause of infection is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">E. coli</i>, but other bacterial causes
include <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gallibacterium, Mycoplasma</i> spp.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, and Salmonella, Klebsiella </i>spp<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">., and Pseudomonas </i>spp..</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrS0xS0rnJnTG635ZaYS5UEBTqq33f6J3LTTRFICbdc2BMW3Nv4_25B_QPTmS3CQWTeAUllJj4aiIvsDkd-XxU83jRgNllf30SbELLxq7W4voPQF2LGRcUQG6lcdPTubWVjgtV32v9l-A/s1600/Lash+Egg+The+Chicken+Chick%C2%AE.jpg" height="400" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank">Caseous Exudate laid by a chicken and cut open showing accumulation of concentric layers of material.</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Viral Salpingitis</span></h3>
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Viral Salpingitis lesions, according to Avian
Histopathology, contain “edema, hemorrhage and pale, turbid, creamy or
gelatinous exudate.” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Viral
causes are most commonly Infectious Bronchitis Virus, but can also include
adenoviruses, Newcastle disease and influenza viruses.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Clinical Signs</span></h3>
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Birds showing signs of salpingitis include birds with a
“Penguin Stance” due to abdominal swelling, abdominal firmness upon palpation, <span style="color: #1a1a1a; mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 21.0pt;">labored
breathing (as material increases in the oviduct, it replaces the area for birds
to expand their airsacs and also presses on other abdominal organs), </span>d<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Times; mso-bidi-font-size: 21.0pt;">ecreased egg
production<span style="color: #1a1a1a;">, eggs with abnormal shape, wrinkles in
the shells, thin watery albumen in the egg, laying of soft-shelled and “lash” eggs,
lethargy, and death.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Predisposing factors include age, malnutrition, vent pecking, excessive
abdominal fat/over nutrition, and excessive and/or prolonged egg laying.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsNKvoDVv4CrVX4h0Lh94kzcBkdTnkjw9e_tbRvGF8cduPX0qc7aEBv70oQ9xh3UnWOyJu6zO5d-tA6Lq88kRWoFK3abdE8bUUQ3OFThfSlinj0C6ntMZLcgOhslf6Aa5da2TSzOoTmxM/s1600/Penguin+stance+The+Chicken+Chick.jpg" height="368" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank">Chicken exhibiting a "Penguin Stance"</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prevalence</span></h3>
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Multiple studies, personal experience, and discussion of the
syndrome with other poultry veterinarians have shown that salpingitis is the
number one cause of death in poultry layers in the commercial poultry
industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To date, there has not
been a study to show what the number one cause of death is in backyard poultry,
but with personal experience, salpingitis is frequently seen in backyard
flocks, especially in older birds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The most common disease I encounter in backyard poultry practice is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mycoplasma</i> species.</div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Treatment</span></h3>
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Antibiotics, such as tetracyclines, can be used to treat
salpingitis of bacterial origin if the infection is caught early enough.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Antibacterial treatment will vary
depending on the bacteria and susceptibility of that organism to antimicrobial
therapies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no treatment
for salpingitis of viral origin.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When treating laying hens with antibiotics, there is always
a withdrawal time associated with the drug being used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contact a veterinarian for the
appropriate withdrawal time set by Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank
(FARAD).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some drugs, such as
fluoroquinolones, including Baytril (Enrofloxacin), choramphenical,
nitroimidazoles, and glycopeptides (including Vancomycin) are illegal to use in
poultry in the United States, regardless if the animal is a pet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The use of medication in feeds cannot
be used off label, which means it cannot be used differently than what the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to FARAD, which is a congressionally-mandated
risk-management program in food animals supported by the United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA):</div>
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<br /></div>
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“Under provisions of the <i>American
Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act</i> (<a href="http://www.farad.org/amduca/amduca_law.asp">AMDUCA</a>) and <a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=530.41">21
CFR part 530</a>, FDA can prohibit use of an entire class of drugs in selected
animal species if FDA determines that: (I) an acceptable analytical method
needs to be established and such a method has not or cannot be established; or
(II) the extra-label use of the drug or drug class presents a public health
risk. <u>FDA can also limit the prohibition on extra-label use to specific
species, indications, dosage forms, routes of administration, or a combination
of these</u>.”</div>
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Surgery is an option, but you will need to go to an avian
veterinarian that has surgical experience in birds and willingness to remove
the oviduct in chickens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
very costly, and there are always risks to be considered when doing surgery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Removal of the oviduct is essentially
an exploratory surgery, and depending on the severity of the lesions (inclusion
of peritonitis which is visualized upon opening the bird), prognosis is very
poor, and a decision if the bird should be euthanized on the table can be
warranted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When pus/lash eggs or
eggs are removed (without removal of the oviduct), there is a significant
increased risk of reoccurrence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Hormone therapy has been illegal in the United States in
poultry since the 1950’s, so hormone implants in the United States are not an
option.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They may be an option in
other countries depending on their regulations in poultry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When discussing salpingitis with over
poultry veterinarians, one of the best ways to help with salpingitis is to
bring birds out of production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
best method is to decrease the amount of light and change feed to a molting
type of feed, especially if salpingitis is a flock problem.</div>
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Euthanasia is also an option, depending on the severity of
infection in the bird.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Decision of
euthanasia is based on examination, symptoms, and quality of life.</div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recovery?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Recovery depends on how far the infection has progressed, how
early it is detected, and also if the bacterial infection has spread through
the oviduct and started infecting other parts of the body (peritonitis).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Recovery and prognosis is therefore
determined on a case-by-case basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If caught early on while the infection is still soft or not as extensive,
you can treat with antibiotics and the bird can recover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Birds that do recover do not have the
same reproductive potential, and are also at higher risk of laying more lash
eggs and oviduct obstruction.</div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Prevention</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Good biosecurity</u></b>
is the first and foremost prevention of any poultry disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First start with clean chicks that come
from a flock free of Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Avian Influenza, and Pullorum/Typhoid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flocks free of thise diseases can be found
on the National Poultry Improvement Plan website in their database of tested
NPIP flocks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also, getting birds
of good chick quality decreases the chance of yolk sac infections, and good
bird management/hygiene.</div>
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What if you come home with a new addition?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Keep your new birds separated from the birds you
already have for a month. This is called a quarantine period.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Why? If the new birds have a contagious
disease, they will most likely show symptoms within the first month. You can
try to prevent spreading the disease to the birds you already have.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Some birds carrying diseases may not
show symptoms of disease during this time, so the best thing to do when
bringing a bird into the flock is to test them during the quarantine period.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> Take care of the birds you already have first,
then take care of your new birds second. If you need to go back and take care
of your original birds again, take a shower and change your cloths.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Wash your hands before and after working with
each group of birds, not only for their safety, but for yours as well.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Wash and disinfect equipment. Wash dirt/feces
off equipment with soap and water, rinse well, then apply disinfectants such as
Virkon, gluteraldehyde, phenols, alkalis, and hypochlorites. Most disinfectants
are inactivated by dirt and feces, so be sure to clean with soap and water and
rinse well.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">You can also use a
solultion of three parts bleach to two part water, and use it liberally to
disinfect rubber boots and equipment.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> Have designated shoes for each group of birds.</span></li>
</ol>
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If you come in contact or are around other poultry:</div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Take a shower when you get home, and change your
clothes/shoes before going around your birds.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Wash your car in a car wash on your way home.
When you and your car visit places that have a lot of different birds, its not
just you that carries disease.</span></li>
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Better yet, keep designated clothes and shoes
for when you work with your birds!</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Why? You can carry diseases on your cloths, shoes, and car from
birds/products that you visit or come in contact with. Imagine a person that is
sick, sneezes on their hand, and touches the doorknob someone is going to use
after them. Disease is transmitted via the doorknob. You essentially become the
doorknob between the sick bird and your birds, and you have the potential to
carry disease home.</span></li>
</ol>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Other ways to prevent Salpingitis is good quality feed that
is balanced (don’t overfeed treats or give “people food”, especially processed
foods such as breads, cakes and pastas. Birds can be vaccinated for diseases
present in the area, and all birds that unexpectedly die should have a necropsy
performed to make sure it isn’t a contagious disease that can be spread to the
rest of the flock.</div>
<h1>
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<h1>
<span style="font-family: Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Urban Legends<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have consulted with four other veterinary experts in the
poultry field about the following urban legends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their credentials include over forty years experience,
diverse background in layers including backyard and industry, academia, and
board certification by the American College of Poultry Veterinarians.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">When birds get sick,
they can get such high fevers that eggs will cook inside of them</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is false.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>According to the National Egg Council, United States Library of
Commerce, and Bill Nye the Science Guy who did his own experiment, the minimum temperature to start
cooking an egg is between 130 and 144 degrees Fahrenheit, with a temperature of
158 degrees to become firm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even
at a lower temperature of 130 degrees, it takes at least 20 minutes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Birds will die when reaching the
temperature of 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and soon after perishing, the body
temperature starts to rapidly decrease.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lash eggs are caused
by normal sloughing-off of the oviduct.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is false.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The oviduct is a secratory organ that will regress during times when
birds are not in production.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lash
eggs are caused by bacterial and viral infections of the oviduct.</div>
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<br /></div>
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I want to thank my colleagues for their input on the subject, and also to<a href="http://www.the-chicken-chick.com/2014/12/salpingitis-lash-eggs-in-backyard.html" target="_blank"> Kathy Mormino AKA the Chicken Chick</a> for the WONDERFUL pictures and excellence in providing accurate information to poultry enthusiasts. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">~<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. McKillop is a licensed veterinarian
and practices veterinary medicine in Maryland and Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Dr. McKillop is the Founder and Owner of <a href="http://www.mckilloppoultry.com/" target="_blank">McKillop Poultry Medicine, LLC</a>. </span>She has a Masters in Specialized
Veterinary Medicine, completed a residency in poultry medicine at North
Carolina State University, and is a boarded Diplomat of the American College of
Poultry Veterinarians. You can follow McKillop Poultry Medicine, LLC on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/McKillop-Poultry-Medicine-LLC/1512749952286782" target="_blank">Facebook</a>.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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References:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1) Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2<sup>nd</sup>
Edition</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2) Avian Histopathology, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition. 2008</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3) Diseases of Poultry, 12<sup>th</sup> edition YM Saif</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salpingitis
in poultry. I. Prevalence, bacteriology and possible pathogenesis in broilers.
Nord Vet Med. 1980 Sep;32(9):361-8.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5) Salpingitis in Pekin ducks associated with concurrent
infection with Tetratrichomonas sp. and Escherichia coli. Crespo R, Walker RL,
Nordhausen R, Sawyer SJ, Manalac RB. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2001 May;13(3):240-5.</div>
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6) Diseases and Disorders of the Domestic Fowl and Turkey</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7) Avian Disease Manual, 7<sup>th</sup> Edition Edited by
Martine Boulianne.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2013</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8) Avian Medicine and Surgery in PracticeBob Doneley, 2010</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9) Poultry Health Handbook, 4<sup>th</sup> Edition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>L. Dwight Schwartz, DVM.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1994</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10) Library of Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/friedegg.html">http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/friedegg.html</a>
Accessed 3/16/15</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
11) Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.farad.org/">http://www.farad.org</a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12) A Practical Guide for Managing Risk in Poultry
Production, 2011</div>
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13)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Live
Science.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.livescience.com/37860-hot-enough-to-fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk-this-weekend.html">http://www.livescience.com/37860-hot-enough-to-fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk-this-weekend.html</a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>accessed 3/16/2015</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6980436658531874097.post-24313303130939755272014-08-13T14:17:00.000-07:002014-08-13T14:26:15.602-07:00Rodents: Part 2<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiokc4UHqUzhFJ6F4vn9QrMxFSrVKgARn3DuhSmHTxWOgHaBh3tN2q99UHxyK3UIj3u4-KyBqT6-wUyqOy7plHlIYDVHTH2apoa06H9Jxu7Ocl7O0Y2PgrdKkOlU_KeZUa_VNbeedWlW4E/s1600/House+Mouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiokc4UHqUzhFJ6F4vn9QrMxFSrVKgARn3DuhSmHTxWOgHaBh3tN2q99UHxyK3UIj3u4-KyBqT6-wUyqOy7plHlIYDVHTH2apoa06H9Jxu7Ocl7O0Y2PgrdKkOlU_KeZUa_VNbeedWlW4E/s1600/House+Mouse.jpg" height="169" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.com Picture of House Mouse </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are things you can do on a day-to-day basis to
decrease the number of rodents on your property, or keep them from setting up
shop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many people have other
animals or pets that they house along with their chickens, and prefer not to
use bait.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here are some of the
things you can do, without using bait, to reduce rodent populations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Get rid of
places for rodents to hide and nest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Yes, it is time for spring cleaning!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Throw away or store empty feed bags.</li>
<li>Remove loosely piled building materials, miscellaneous
equipment and loose garbage.
Anything that rodents can hide or nest in.</li>
<li>Keep grass cut neatly at least 3 feet around the coop and
buildings. This is called an
apron. Rodents don’t like to be
out in the open, and helps in detecting any new rodent burrows.</li>
<li>Remove weeds- weeds give rodents food, water, nesting
material, and cover from predators.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remove
access to food.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Clean up spilled feed.</li>
<li>Always store feed in a covered, metal container. 30 and 55-gallon industrial drums are
great for storing feed and can often be purchased from farm-supply
dealers. If a metal drum cannot be
found, use a metal trash can with a tight lid.</li>
<li>Reduce feed spills by placing feeders so the lip of the
feeder is around the height of the average sized bird’s back. The best way to do this is to hang the
feeders.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remove water
sources</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Eliminate sources of water, such as leaky taps, open water
troughs, sweating pipes, and open drains.</li>
<li>Drinkers should be removed from sitting on the ground for
easy mice/rat access. The lip of
the drinker should be at the level of the average birds back. Taking drinkers off the ground will also
help with water sanitation, and decrease the amount of water spilled onto the
ground.</li>
<li>At night, you may want to remove the bird’s water, unless it
is very warm and muggy. Birds
don’t often drink water at night, and rodents are generally nocturnal.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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If a rodent population is already established on your
property, doing just the things mentioned above won’t solve your problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Consider a population-reduction
program, the topic of our next post!<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<u><b>Resources:</b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
A Practical Guide for Managing Risk in Poultry Production. 2011. Robert L. Owen, Editor. Published by the American Association of Avian Pathologists.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
“Rodent Control: 7 ways to keep mice and rats out of the coop” Mike Wilhite</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<a href="http://www.hobbyfarms.com/livestock-and-pets/rodent-control-tips.aspx" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">http://www.hobbyfarms.com/livestock-and-pets/rodent-control-tips.aspx</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
Animal Damage Management, Dept. of Entomology, “Controlling rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities” Judy Loven and Ralph Williams, Purdue University, Publication ADM-3-W</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
Rodent Control in Livestock and Poultry facilities, G.A. Surgeoner</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<a href="http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/824/rodent-control-in-livestock-and-poultry-facilities" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/824/rodent-control-in-livestock-and-poultry-facilities</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
“What you need to know about rodent control” Weibe ban der Sluis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">
<a href="http://www.worldpoultry.net/Broilers/Health/2012/8/What-you-need-to-know-about-rodent-control-WP010709W/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration: none;">http://www.worldpoultry.net/Broilers/Health/2012/8/What-you-need-to-know-about-rodent-control-WP010709W/</a></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6980436658531874097.post-11072424452890934772014-07-09T17:04:00.003-07:002014-07-09T17:04:24.933-07:00Free Webinar and Twitter Chat!USDA APHIS is holding a Free Webinar and Twitter chat to answer some of your questions about poultry keeping on August 19, 2014! Please see the flier!<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyb7qOkVBTeCQGmq801Qfm22YtuoqhnSgDrwMxfLfwHKa-O3lfrTVdWoPA5NtaLfDTPWmUe4UtZ1Be2OJ2HMO7-u7W-9EW2F-zGZLPQgOLCCwZtAaHCCpIZYpFwyuxSdMivHiG4YdZwys/s1600/WebinarFlier.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyb7qOkVBTeCQGmq801Qfm22YtuoqhnSgDrwMxfLfwHKa-O3lfrTVdWoPA5NtaLfDTPWmUe4UtZ1Be2OJ2HMO7-u7W-9EW2F-zGZLPQgOLCCwZtAaHCCpIZYpFwyuxSdMivHiG4YdZwys/s1600/WebinarFlier.jpg" height="640" width="494" /></a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6980436658531874097.post-31198057251020355652014-06-22T18:58:00.000-07:002014-06-22T19:41:16.668-07:00Rodents part 1: About rodents and how to recognize that they are around your farm<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The most common rodents around livestock and farms are the
house mouse (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mus musculus</i>), the
Norway rate (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rattus norvegicus</i>), and
roof rat (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rattus rattus</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They are difficult to eliminate from
your property, even for pest control professionals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYjSUtGsn7eMAGvhBj1a6MhGjHijBr3iCyn_BxiQf_ZIpsz93hcDtt1jBVvHUZTGH1bQK1ivLZenfxs-oXquJv_JOIwQ0et1vD41l_ZE1kUn8pnhQkwyowjrZzjbr2tvTZhEw_7uZd7Fc/s1600/rodents.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYjSUtGsn7eMAGvhBj1a6MhGjHijBr3iCyn_BxiQf_ZIpsz93hcDtt1jBVvHUZTGH1bQK1ivLZenfxs-oXquJv_JOIwQ0et1vD41l_ZE1kUn8pnhQkwyowjrZzjbr2tvTZhEw_7uZd7Fc/s1600/rodents.png" height="320" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Image taken from: “Controlling rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities” Judy Loven and Ralph Williams, Purdue University Extension Article.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Why Control Rodents?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>A) They carry diseases.</b></u><b> </b> Mice and rats can carry up to 45 diseases transmitted to
poultry and humans. Some of these
diseases include bordeltellosis, leptospirosis, erysipelas, salmonellosis, fowl
pox, fowl cholera (pasteurellosis), trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, and
rabies. Rodents can also spread
disease from a contaminated to non-contaminated area via their feet, fur,
droppings, urine, saliva and blood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>B) Rodents can attract predators to your farm:</b></u><b> </b> High numbers of rodents are a food
source that can attract foxes, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, dogs, and cats that
can contribute to disease problems. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>C) They can damage buildings and insulation.</b></u><b> </b> Rats and mice can chew through rubber,
aluminum, cinder blocks, plastic, wood, improperly cured concrete and wool. They can even start fires when chewing through electrical wires.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>D) They consume and contaminate feed.</b></u><b> </b> 100 rats can consume over 1 ton of feed
in a year, and contaminate the feed with droppings, urine, and hair.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Mouse and Rat Facts:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>They are nocturnal and highly
reproductive- In ideal
conditions, rats and their offspring and produce 20 million young in 3 years,
and mice reproduce even faster.</li>
<li>Rats can jump as high as 3 feet,
and as far as 4 feet.</li>
<li>Rodents can drop from heights of
over 50 feet without being injured.</li>
<li>Rats can swim half a mile in open
water, and can tread water for three days.</li>
<li>Mice and rats don’t like to go far
from their nest. Rats wander around
a maximum of 148 ft from the nest, and mice 30 ft.</li>
<li>Rats need water daily, while mice
can live 2-4 days without water.</li>
<li>Rodents prefer cereal grains, but
will also eat garbage, insects, meat (they can antagonize your chickens and
kill chicks), fruits and vegetables, and manure.</li>
<li>Mice eat small portions and feed
sporadically making as many as 20-30 short visits to food at night. Rats tend to get their daily food at
one or two locations.</li>
<li>Rodents don’t like exposed
spaces. They often travel in
contact with a wall or other objects, can climb rough walls, and travel along
utility wires.</li>
<li>Rats can squeeze through small
spaces of a half inch, and mice through quarter inch spaces.</li>
<li>Mice produce 40-100 droppings per
night and rats about 20-50 droppings.</li>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKW8o8v1sxbSJlw6O482RQ-kGDhAFTyzV3VvXsa22TXO-GKndlaDQ9oSpJ4TRTeBugkkpbX16k9sokGFZUPjJlkuvDafs6DSg_DNSxToOXuZ93Vl7MvefUeWnwH59CRKSQCcNkOfG0ic/s1600/AboutRats.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghKW8o8v1sxbSJlw6O482RQ-kGDhAFTyzV3VvXsa22TXO-GKndlaDQ9oSpJ4TRTeBugkkpbX16k9sokGFZUPjJlkuvDafs6DSg_DNSxToOXuZ93Vl7MvefUeWnwH59CRKSQCcNkOfG0ic/s1600/AboutRats.png" height="372" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Image taken from: “Controlling rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities” Judy Loven and Ralph Williams, Purdue University Extension Article.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Signs of a rodent
infestation:</span><br />
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Sounds:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
Gnawing, climbing noises in walls, squeeks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Droppings:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> Found along walls, behind objects, and newar food supplies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rat droppings are bean sizes, and mice
droppings are rice sized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Burrows:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rat burrows – fresh digging around
foundations, through floorboards into wall spaces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In areas where the ground is soft, mice can also dig tunnels
and burrow in the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Runs:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Look for dust free areas along walls
and behind storage material.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Gnawing marks:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Look for wood chips around
boards, bins and crates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fesh
gnawing marks will be pale in color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Rodent Odors:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persistent musky odors are a
positive sign of infestation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Rodent sightings:</span></u></b><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daylight
sigting of mice is common.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rats
are seen in the daylight only if populations are high.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are approximately 25 mice or rats
for every one that is seen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-size: large;">Next Blog</span></span><span style="font-size: large;">…</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">We will talk about how to control and prevent rodent populations!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><b>Resources: </b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dr. Mark Bland DVM, MS, DACPV, Cutler Associates
International</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Rodent Control: 7 ways to keep mice and rats out of the
coop” Mike Wilhite</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.hobbyfarms.com/livestock-and-pets/rodent-control-tips.aspx">http://www.hobbyfarms.com/livestock-and-pets/rodent-control-tips.aspx</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Animal Damage Management, Dept. of Entomology, “Controlling
rodents in Commercial Poultry Facilities” Judy Loven and Ralph Williams, Purdue
University, Publication ADM-3-W</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rodent Control in Livestock and Poultry facilities, G.A.
Surgeoner</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/824/rodent-control-in-livestock-and-poultry-facilities">http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/824/rodent-control-in-livestock-and-poultry-facilities</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“What you need to know about rodent control” Weibe ban der
Sluis</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.worldpoultry.net/Broilers/Health/2012/8/What-you-need-to-know-about-rodent-control-WP010709W/">http://www.worldpoultry.net/Broilers/Health/2012/8/What-you-need-to-know-about-rodent-control-WP010709W/</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6980436658531874097.post-69703023652813800192014-06-12T19:24:00.000-07:002014-06-12T19:24:05.566-07:00Prevent Bringing Diseases Home to Your Birds<div class="MsoNormal">
The best part about spring, summer, and fall is that farmers
markets, bird swaps, and fairs are up and running again. The bad part? You can bring diseases home to your feathered friends from
the birds you encounter or acquire at these fun places.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are things you can do to help keep your birds healthy!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>If you come in contact or are around other poultry:</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1)</b> Take a shower when you get home, and change your
cloths/shoes before going around your birds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2)</b> Wash your car in a car wash on your way home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you and your car visit places that
have a lot of different birds, its not just you that carries disease.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3)</b> Better yet, keep designated clothes and shoes for when
you work with your birds!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Why?</b> You can
carry diseases on your cloths, shoes, and car from birds/products that you
visit or come in contact with.
Imagine a person that is sick, sneezes on their hand, and touches the
doorknob someone is going to use after them. Disease is transmitted via the doorknob. You essentially become the doorknob
between the sick bird and your birds, and you have the potential to carry
disease home. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u>What if you come home with a new addition?</u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>1)</b> Keep your new birds separated from the birds you already
have for a month.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is called a
quarantine period.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>2)</b> Take care of the birds you already have first, then take
care of your new birds second.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>3)</b> Wash your hands before and after working with each group
of birds, not only for their safety, but for yours as well.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>4)</b> Have designated shoes for each group of birds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Why? </b>If the new
birds have a contagious disease, they will most likely show symptoms within the
first month. You can try to
prevent spreading the disease to the birds you already have.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06574448305196225278noreply@blogger.com2